Мастер класс Карла Людвига (Karl H.C. Ludwig) «Horticultural Urbanism & Rainwater in Urban Design»
Карл Людвиг — профессор кафедры ландшафтной архитектуры, окружающей среды и городского планирования Университета прикладных наук Нюртингена, известный немецкий ландшафтный архитектор в области городского дизайна и открытых пространств. Профессор рассказал о роли садового урбанизма в городском дизайне и организуемых садовых фестивалях в Германии, а также о роли дождевой воды в городском дизайне, и современных тенденциях использования воды как важного элемента планирования и дизайна.
horticultural-urbanism.doc.doc
rainwater-in-urban-design.doc
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H o r t i c u l t u r a l U r b a n I s m
or: Garden Festivals in Germany
· Germany is the country of Garden Festivals + Garden Exhibitions · … and they attract each year millions of visitors · The idea of garden exhibitions dates back to mid 19. century · … when the first Festivals were organized · … to celebrate flowers, gardening, garden design + landscaping · … with the first GF to improve the city structure in 1897 in HH · in the 20th century this idea has been developed and elaborated · … as garden design has become more and more popular · … there is an growing number of garden festivals · nowadays there are different types of GF in Germany · … which differ in their objectives, location and size: · … GF on a local or district scale · … (to qualify as a Local Exhibition, a GF has just to be organised) · … GF on a regional or state scale · … (to qualify as a State Ex, GF must be recognised by State government) · … GF on a federal or national scale · … (to qualify as a Federal Ex, GF must be recognised by nat government) · … GF on an international scale · … (to qualify as International Exhibition, GF must be recognised by the Bureau International des Expositions) · the State, Federal or International Festivals vary with their location year by year to different cities where they take place · depending on the different actors GF are regarded in different ways · … for horticulturists they offer the opportunity to present · … their capacity of cultivating and presenting flowers · … for the cities related they offer the rather unique opportunity · … to improve their infrastructure and do some city marketing · … and for the landscape architects they offer the opportunity · … to present their ideas and get interesting projects in planning · Therefore the definition of a GF today is · … that it contributes first of all to the development of a city · … the festival itself being a short term event for a summer · … and attract visitors from outside looking for inspirations · … and that the festival create a long term effect for the future and improvement of the city infrastructure
Bundesgartenschauen
· most important for the development of FGF in Germany has been · … the BUGA = Bundesgartenschau or Federal Garden Festival · a BUGA is Federal horticulture show in a biennial rhythm · … which covers not only the topics horticulture and plants · … but as well topics like sustainable landscaping + urban green · since 1951 the location and cities change in a two-year cycle · … and every 10 years, starting with 1953 · … you’ll find an International Garden Festival · … so that up till now there had been realized in Germany 26 FGF · after the damages and destructions of Second World War · … they have developed step by step · … into an instrument of urban renovation · … as they offered the chance to rehabilitate + restore the cities · … and to design and realize there contemporary open spaces
· There is a formal way to get the permission to realize a FGF · 1. the cities have to apply to be accepted as a candidate · 2. the implies the competition with other cities · 3. the responsible agency decides where the FGF will take place · 4. the city and the DBG set up a mixed society · 5. this organization launches a nation wide design competition · 6. a jury evaluates the proposals and propose to select architects and concepts
· in the first decade of their history = in the 50ies · … garden festivals first of all offered a chance for a cities to overcome the damages of the War and to develop the cities · the first FGF in Hannover 1951 covered an area of 20 ha · … in a close relation with the planned congress centre · … now the Hanover fair trade grounds · up till today the park has been kept in the character of the 50ies · … and since 1983 is protected as a National Garden Monument · since the development of the open space system in Hannover · … as ‘city of gardens’ has been always on high level standard · during this period of reconstruction in the 50ies you find as well such well known FGF turned later into permanent parks · … like Planten un Blomen in Hamburg (1953) · … or Karlsaue in Kassel (1955) · … or Rheinauenpark in Köln (1957)
· with the 60ies a period of renovation of parks outdated started · … and GF were used to extend and modernise existing parks · as for the Federal Garden Festival in Stuttgart (1961) · … where the former royal parks in the city centre were redesigned · … or in 1963 the IGA Hamburg integrated in public open spaces · … filled with the remnants and rubbish of Second World War · this finally has lead to an open park system · … of three kilometres length in the centre of the city · … where no roads did cross anymore · … and pedestrians could walk + enjoy without crossing streets · and in 1973 this area was enlarged and redesigned with new facilities for leisure and sports
· In the 70ies and 80ies the FGF were often used to create · … new parks and leisure facilities in or around the cities · a prominent example of this period are the BUGA Bonn in 1979 · … where on an area of 160 ha the new Rheinauenpark · … was created to be the future green centre of Bonn · or the IGA 1983 in München, where on an area of more than 70 ha west of the city, the Westpark was realized · … on a former brown field along a motorway with a lot of traffic · to achieve this 1,5 mio cubic metres of earth had to be moved · … to shape a topography to protect the park from traffic noise · … which was planted with more than 6000 tall tree specimen
· the political changes in the 90ies lead to another new strategic approach · … when sustainability + ecological ideas got more importance · the reuse + renaturation of brown land and areas fallen given up by industries, military and traffic use got more importance · a good example for that is in 1997 the BUGA Gelsenkirchen · … realized on a former mining area of 100 ha · … or the BUGA Potsdam 2001 on a former military base · after the fall of the wall and the political reunification of Germany · … the garden festivals have been especially a motor · … for the development of cities and landscapes in East Germany · a fine example is in 2007 the BUGA in Ronneburg of 90 ha · … where a former, not accessible open pit mine for uranium · … was regained for the public and redesigned as park landscape · another example for conversion is the 2005 FGF in München · … when the former Munch airport of Riem has been converted · … into a new, contemporary living business and living district · … including an vast park of 190 ha · The concept to do this was very ambitious and courageous · … as it proposed long alleys and large groves · … and did not integrate too much examples of gardens · … but more artistic interpretations · This in the beginning has caused a lot of critics and complaints · … but nevertheless the FGF attracted more than 10 mio visitors · And the former festival grounds today form an attractive Park · … meanwhile well accepted as leisure + sports area in Munich · this year there has been IGS in Hamburg which aim was · … to bring together the two cities of Hamburg and Harburg · … with the topic ‘Around the world in 80 days’ · the district Wilhelmsburg this has brought a new 100-ha-park · … combined with an international building exhibition · … where sustainable + low-energy-houses had been realized · … to give + show examples how houses for the sustainable use · … in the future could and should be designed
· when the decision for a FGF is taken, the first step of the city is · … to launch a competition for an urbanistic concept for the area · after this another competition is launched for basic ideas the GF · … which determines the basic structure of the future GF · this is to be followed by detailed tenders for building sites · … or for specific elements and areas of the GF · The 2019 FGF in Heilbronn illustrates this strategic approach · … as HB gets a chance to develop + connect their townscape · … fragmented by the Neckar river and the N-Channel · … into a continuous system of open spaces related to the water · … extending from the city periphery right into the city centre
Landesgartenschauen
· The obvious success of Federal Garden Festivals has encouraged in the 70ies · … some of the Länder or States in Germany to the idea · … to create smaller Garden Festivals = State Garden Festivals · They were especially created for smaller, medium sized cities · … and are organized independent in + by the States in Germany · Their aim is to improve the quality of life and ecology of towns · … and therefore there not nice landscapes or towns are chosen · … but especially non-privileged town quarters and situations · … who are willing to improve their infrastructure · … and contribute to solve urban problems and situations · … and help a bit with the marketing in and for the towns · The first state to develop a State Garden Festival was in 1980 the State of Baden-Württemberg · … and till 2000 nearly each year in another town followed · Since 2001 RGF in BW are organized on a yearly rhythm · … with smaller ‘green projects’ for cities of 10.000 - 20.000 inh · … and Garden Festival for cities of more than 20.000 inhabitants · The State provides subsidies of up till 2 mio € for such G project · … and up till 5 mio € for a R Garden Festival with the obligation · … that the city invests at least the same amount of money · Sometimes the cities take this opportunity to invest much more · … to improve their infrastructure · till 2010 the State of BW has invested the sum of 80 mio euros · … and thus has encouraged the cities to invest another 160 mio · … to realize their garden festival projects and other ideas · Up till 2010 this has resulted in a total area of 625 hectares · … of new open spaces, squares and parks and thus · … encouraged a lot of additional investments for projects related
· Landesgartenschauen in Bavaria for example in Bamberg · Landesgartenschau in Niedersachsen for example in Wolfsburg · To chose the city they have to prepare and show their ambitions and objectives for the Garden Festivals to a committee · … which visits and select the cities with a time scope |
Karl H.C. Ludwig
R a i n w a t e r i n U r b a n D e s i g n
· One of the most universal elements on earth is Water · … without water there would be no life · … whether for humans or for landscapes · It is the world's softest element, and the cycle of precipitation, evaporation and condensation · … that makes up the worldwide system of water transport · … never seems to end · In fact, regions such as Central and Eastern Europe · … never seem to run out of water · … and the people living here often feel that it rains too much · Over half of the rainfall disappears into the sewage system · … - out of sight and out of our mind.
· But water can be returned to sight and to awareness as vital element · … if use is deliberately made of it as a design/planning element · Indeed, its potential as a sculptural medium is unsurpassed · Not only is water transparent - it can take on various colours and forms · … move in various ways and it also addresses the emotions · In other words architects, landscape architects and urban planners · … are finding it a most desirable and interesting element · After decades of banishment from cities and housing developments · … water has become a significant design feature in urban areas · … and rainwater management concepts are a frequent feature of innovative architecture today · Some recently realized and contemporary projects exemplify and illustrate · … this creative use of rain water in housing areas and buildings · They all are given and taken from Atelier Dreiseitl, a German office · … with whom years ago I published one of the first books on the topic: ‘Waterscapes’ · Taken from this book is the first example which is going to show · … how people can be sensitized for such natural phenomena · … like water and wind
1 - The Nuremberg Prisma Project
· The Prisma Project in Nuremberg is a building complex of 61 apartments, 32 offices, 9 shops, a coffee shop + a kindergarten · … designed by the Tübingen architect Joachim Eble · … according to urban ecological criteria · Rainwater is assigned importance in that all the roof runoff · … is harvested into a 300-cubic-metre holding tank · The water then is pumped from the tank into two separate circulating systems · … the first of which is used to supply the plants and the pond in the foyer on the inside court of the complex · The second system feeds the runoff to six water walls in the foyer, which - facing south and south-west - can get very hot in summer · The water walls have a number of positive effects in that the water streaming down them · … pulls in outside air through a slit in the wall · … cleaning it in the process and cooling it in summer · In winter the water is kept at a minimum temperature of 18° C · … and this effect helps warm the inside of the foyer
2 - The Scharnhauser Park Project in Ostfildern
· Military or barrack architecture traditionally has little in common with quality of life. · The buildings are arranged and developed from a purely functional point of view · ... and typically have little concern for the ecological consequences of building. · But just these sites also may have their own hidden potential. · In re-development, they certainly take pressure off the town to provide new building areas · … as is the case at Scharnhauser Park near Ostfildern · … a south facing slope south of Stuttgart near the city’s airport. · The project covers 150 hectares, designed in the urban scale · … by architects Wolfrum + Janson · ... being one of the largest contemporary urban development schemes in and around Stuttgart. · Atelier Dreiseitl led the effort to sustainably manage site rain-water from the beginning of the planning process. · It was clear that rainwater would have to be treated in a way · … that complimented the fresh, modern philosophy guiding the redevelopment. · To avoid flooding, the design implements a strategy of discharge reduction, discharge delay · … and modest infiltration into the clayey subsoil. · The rain-water is now disconnected from the former combined sewer and, when it’s not infiltrated · … retained in private storage tanks or in roof gardens. · It flows through a system of open channels and ditches running alongside the estate’s streets · … as well as in the central open spaces or in the design of the new focal point of the estate · … the so-called ‘City House’ with a multi-storey water curtain at the entrance. · This network runs through the new estate as an unmistakable design feature · … and particularly striking are the cascade-like 40 landscape steps, which stretch downhill 1.5 kilometres. · This special design element is also part of the rainwater management program: · Below the steps the living substrate zone purifies the water in additional retention hollows and pools. · Discharged water that has been delayed and purified in this way is fed via natural gradients · … into the surrounding wetlands and biotopes. · The water, in a way, elegantly overpowers the remnants of the old military barracks, · … and forms new harmonious links with the Scharnhauser Park Project surrounding landscape.
3 - The water system in Berlin’s Potsdamer Platz
· Not too many years ago, the Potsdamer Platz in Berlin used to be the largest building site in Germany. · Expectations after the fall of the Berlin wall were immense, and the problems were highly complicated as well. · There were two basic demands: People were not just supposed to work here, but as well supposed to spend their leisure time · … dominated by the shadows of nearby planned and towering company’s headquarters of important global players. · Despite very limited space was available for leisure provision · … the idea of setting high ecological standards for the project had caught on as well. · Finally the theme of water as a defining element in the open space has convinced both the Senate and different investors. · First of all the design possibilities caught their imagination · … and secondly they were fired by the chance of meeting the ecological challenges. · The suggestion that rainwater should be used for flushing toilets and watering green areas was met with interest.
· The same was true of the idea of using the rain-water that collected in the underground tanks to feed a water system
· … that includes a narrow pool on the northern side · … one in the piazza the large main area o water · … and the southern area of water. · Additionally this proposal offered the opportunity not to lower the groundwater level during the building phase · … and to make an intermediate collection of all the rain-water that fell on the building and slowly feed it into nearby Kanal. · A complex computer simulation was done which proved that this Kanal would only be compelled · … to absorb heavily increased amount of rainfall three times in ten years. · To guarantee this the system had to carry sufficient buffer capacity. · This is provided primarily by five underground tanks with a total volume of 2.600 cubic metres.
· In addition to this, the main area of water can still offer a reserve of 15 centimetres · … between the normal and the maximum water level which provides a buffer capacity of another 1.300 cubic metres. · Solids can start to settle in the underground tanks before the water flows out of source vessels · … on the banks of the south and main areas of water through purification biotopes where it is cleaned biologically by plants. · If necessary technical filters can also be used, which will remove any floating algae in summer. · In Marlene-Dietrich-Plaza water flows in intricate patterns to the lowest point in the piazza · … gliding in flow steps where rhythmic wave structures are formed, a detail worked out in 1:1-models in the atelier.
4 - Tanner Springs Park in Portland, Oregon
· Formerly a wetland close to the broad Willamette River, Pearl District was once bisected by Tanner Creek · … until rail yards and industry claimed and drained the land · Over the past 30 years, a new neighbourhood has progressively established itself – · … young, mixed, urban and dynamic. · … and today Pearl District meanwhile is home to families and businesses · While the district was expanding into the last of the rail yards · … the City of Portland wanted to design a new park · … to bring green space into this previously industrial area · As a result, the urban skin of a downtown 60-by-60-metre wasteland block has been peeled back with surgical artistry · Given its natural inspiration, the park was envisioned as a model of urban sustainable design · All runoff from the park is directed into a cleansing biotope at one end of the park · … rather than out to the curbs + gutters of surrounding streets · The water is collected in a main water body along one side of the park · Symbolic of the old city fabric, historic railroad tracks form a wavelike wall on its border · … as a symbol of the old city fabric · This `Art Wall´ produces a harmonious contrast between the static strength of the rail tracks · … and the lithe and flowing movement of the wall · … as it oscillates in and out and the top also rises and falls · Some 60 metres long and composed of 368 rails with 99 pieces · … of fused glass inset with images of insects and amphibians · … of nature hand-painted by Herbert
5 - The Kallang River - Bishan Park Project in Singapore
· Bishan Park is one of Singapore’s most popular parks in the heartlands of Singapore. · As part of a much-needed park upgrade and plans to improve the capacity of the Kallang River along the edge of the park · … works were carried out simultaneously to transform · … the utilitarian concrete channel into a naturalised river · … thus creating a new urban river park
· The Kallang River - Bishan Park project is a new vision for blue-green city infrastructure which addresses · … the dual needs of water supply and flood management · … while creating spaces for people and nature in the city · This project is part of the Active, Beautiful, Clean Waters (short: ABC Waters) Programme, a long-term initiative · … to transform the country’s water bodies beyond their functions of drainage and water supply · … into new spaces for community bonding and recreation · At Bishan-Ang Mo Kio Park, a 2.7 km long straight concrete drainage channel · … has been restored into a sinuous, natural river 3 km long · … that meanders through the park · Sixty-two hectares of park space have been redesigned to accommodate the dynamic process of a river system · … which includes fluctuating water levels · … while providing maximum benefit for park users · Three playgrounds, new restaurants, a new look out point constructed using the recycled walls of the old concrete channel · … and plenty of open green spaces complement the natural wonder of an ecologically restored river in the heart of the city · To end: This meanwhile has become really a place to take your shoes off · … and get closer to water and nature ! |